Resumen La presencia de micotoxinas en alimentos es un problema de gran importancia a nivel mundial que provoca serios perjuicios sanitarios y económicos. Para limitar los efectos de las micotoxinas a los animales uno de los métodos más utilizados es la aplicación de secuestrantes. Estos son polímeros inorgánicos u orgánicos que al añadirse a los alimentos forman complejos con las micotoxinas en la luz intestinal disminuyendo así su absorción. Por este motivo se evaluó la eficacia de cuatro secuestrantes, dos alumino silicatos hidratados de calcio y sodio, uno de glucomananos esterificados y otro del tipo multi modular para aflatoxina B1 (AFB1). La capacidad de adsorción fue evaluada in vitro y bajo condiciones de pH similares a las del tracto gastrointestinal de los animales. La concentración de AFB1 fue determinada mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Con la excepción del producto de glucomananos esterificados, el porcentaje de unión de aflatoxina B1 obtenido para los secuestrantes estudiados fue alto (> 76%). Estos resultados sugieren que la mayoría de los secuestrantes utilizados en este estudio son potenciales agentes químicos-biológicos que podrían ser utilizados para disminuir los efectos de las aflatoxinas en animales

Summary The contamination of animal feed with mycotoxins represents a worldwide problem that causes serious diseases in animals and economic losses. One of the most used methods for protecting animals against mycotoxins is the utilization of adsorbents. These are inorganic or organic components that added to foods form complexes with mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract thus decreasing its absorption. Four mycotoxin binder products including two hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates, one esterified glucomannan and one multi modular were used to determine their efficacity to bind aflatoxin B1. The binding ability for AFB1 was conducted by an in vitro assay, which simulated the pH condition of the gastrointestinal tract of animals. AFB1 contents was determinated by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC). With the exception of the esterified glucomannan product, the binding percent of AFB1 was high (> 76%) by the sequestering agents used in the current study. These results suggest that most commercial adsorbent products used in this study are potential chemical - biological agents that might be used to decrease the effects of aflatoxins in animals.

Chalkbrood disease affects the larvae of honeybees Apis mellifera L. and is caused by the fungus Ascosphaera apis. Infected larvae die when they are stretched in the cap cell and suffer a gradual hardening that ends in a very hard structure (mummie). Several studies have demonstrated that colonies that express an efficient hygienic behaviour (uncapping of cell and subsequent removal of dead brood) exhibit a higher resistance to the disease. However, it remains unclear whether the advantage of hygienic colonies over less hygienic ones lies in the ability to remove mummies or in the early detection of infected larvae and its cannibalization before they harden. To elucidate this aspect, the hygienic behaviour of 24 colonies, which were subsequently provided with pollen cakes containig A. apis, was evaluated. The number of mummies and the number of partially cannibalized and whole larvae in uncapped cells were recorded. The most hygienic colonies controlled the disease better. These colonies also had a higher tendency to uncap cells that contained infected larvae and cannibalize them. The presence of A. apis in partially cannibalized and whole larvae in uncapped cells indicate that the advantage of hygienic colonies over less hygienic ones lies in the early detection of infected larvae death and their quick removal from the cell before they become mummies.